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And has 333 in total back radiation to the surface from the atmosphere.



It is part of a heat cycle. The ground radiates, the atmosphere radiates back, the ground radiates, the atmospere radiates back, and so on. The depiction is an average day and thus does not show just the total in and out, but the cycle of energy within the day.



~84% yes.



All of the GHGs and clouds are included. It is ~84% of the IR and that is how the planet remains warmer than it would without the Greenhouse Effect. It still leaves 40+ W m^2 which can be added to the retained energy, which is no small amount.

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Not likely, but I have not checked.



It is included. That is why such a high amount of IR is tabulated, the loss overnight.



I believe this is the average for the planet a single day, for the average over one year.



No transfer in on the night side, but always transfer out.

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I love this image... very informative. Note that the energy in almost matches the energy out but not quite... this lack of balance is the heating or cooling trend of the earth... we are gaining with these numbers (341.3-101.9-238.5=4.6). note that this is the average energy reaching each square meter of the earths surface... this is not a volume of energy but a flow of energy (no time unit in the unit's "w m^-2" and a negative power is the same as 1 divided by the positive power so is "watts per meter squared"). Also note that the energy from the core of the earth would be included in the outgoing ir radiation. Some of the incoming visible light energy will be converted into chemical energy such as glucose and the resulting plant and animal and microbe biomass (which will mostly become methane and CO2 or will eventually become petrochemicals).

This budget has 341 Wm^2 coming into the atmosphere from the Sun. This budget has 356 Wm^2 being radiated from the ground. Now I understand Wm^2 is not a measurement of temperature. It is a measurement of energy flow.

What exactly happens at the ground/atmosphere border that causes this energy flow to double?

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It flows outward constantly while the input only happens during the daylight hours.

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Albert Einstein